Which term is used for studies that look deeply at a selected sample but do not imply headings toward causation?

The term "observational" refers to studies that focus on analyzing and interpreting data from a specific sample without manipulating variables. These studies observe subjects in their natural environments and collect data on various characteristics, behaviors, or outcomes. Since observational studies do not involve interventions or controlled experiments, they primarily aim to provide insights into associations or correlations rather than establish direct cause-and-effect relationships.

This is an important distinction, as observational studies are useful for exploring trends and generating hypotheses but cannot definitively conclude that one variable causes changes in another. For instance, researchers might observe a correlation between exercise frequency and health outcomes but would not be able to claim that increased exercise directly causes improved health without further experimental validation.

In contrast, other study types mentioned, such as randomized controlled studies, are specifically designed to identify cause-and-effect relationships through controlled interventions. Anecdotal evidence relies on personal accounts and narratives rather than systematic data collection, while statistical studies can encompass various methodologies but do not necessarily denote an observational approach. Thus, the correct term for studies that analyze selected samples without implying causation is indeed "observational."