Which of the following is NOT a factor that can introduce cognitive bias in the laboratory?

Cognitive bias in the laboratory can stem from various sources that influence how forensic analysts interpret and process information. The options provided represent factors that can either introduce or mitigate bias in the analytical process.

Organizational factors can create an environment that might inadvertently encourage biases, such as pressures to conform to group opinions or a culture that prizes particular outcomes. Training and motivation can also play a role; if analysts are trained to expect certain results or if their motivation is aligned with specific outcomes, it can lead to biased interpretations.

Base rate expectations refer to preconceived notions about probabilities based on prior experiences or common occurrences, which can skew analysis. For instance, if an analyst subconsciously believes a certain outcome is more likely based on previous cases, this can influence their judgment and decision-making in current cases.

In contrast, data analysis techniques are tools and methodologies used to interpret data objectively. When applied correctly, they aim to minimize personal bias by relying on systematic approaches to examine evidence. Thus, while biases can arise from the interpretation of the data, the techniques themselves are designed to help reduce the influence of cognitive bias. This distinction is what makes data analysis techniques not a factor that introduces cognitive bias.